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Thus Composed the Philosopher: On the Occasion of the 160th Anniversary of the Birth of Friedrich NietzscheElena LetòanováMusicologica Olomucensia vol. 7, (2005):99-106 Friedrich Nietzsches philosophische Werke sind voll der Bemerkungen und Betrachtungen zur Kunst, insbesondere zur Musik. Mann konnte versucht sein, Nietzsches Interesse für die Musik aus der für ihn so schicksalhaften Begegnung mit Richard Wagner herzuleiten. Dem widerspricht aber ein umfangreicher musikalischer Nachlass, mehr als 70 vokal und instrumental Werke, der zur Hauptsache vor der Wagnerbekannschaft stammt. Nur 40 Werke überlebten den zweiten Weltkrieg; viele sind Fragmente, oder Kompositionen ohne klare Instrumentation. Nietzsche erhielt als Knabe von neun Jahren Klavierunterricht und wurde ein guter Klavierspieler und Improvisator, aber die Grundlagen des Komponierens wurde ihm nicht gegeben hatten; seinen musikalischen Arbeiten haftet immer etwas Laienhaftes an. Nietzsche entwickelte eine kurze aphoristische Forme von Variationen. Schumann, Wagner, Beethoven bedeuteten ihm das Höchste in der Musik. Die umfangreichste Fantasien mit der Charakteristik von Rapsodien, wie Hymnus an die Freundschaff oder dramatische Ermanarich erinnern uns an Beethoven und an Lisztische Transkriptionen. Gelingen ist ihm im Bereich der lyrischen Schubertischen Lieder mit Klavier (17) und der poetischen, melancholischen, romantischen Klavierstücken wie Im Mondschein auf der Puszta, So lach doch mal und Monodie und vierhändigen Monodie à deux (Lob der Barmherzigkeit). |
DIVERTIMENTO, KASACE A SERENÁDA V ÈESKÝCH ZEMÍCH OSMNÁCTÉHO STOLETÍDIVERTIMENTO, CASSATION AND SERENADE IN THE CZECH LANDS OF THE 18th CENTURYRudolf PeèmanMusicologica Olomucensia vol. 9, (2007):179-188 Divertimento, cassation and serenade were important techniques of composition within the Czech lands during the 18th century. Divertimento is considered to be a specific genre of musical composition, mainly of a purpose of entertainment. It is noted for its undemanding composition style. The Italians understood divertimento as a composition for entertainment or amusement purposes. However, they also used the word (till the end of the 17th century) to describe collections of entertaining songs. As for French theater of the 17th and 18th centuries, the word "divertissement" was used for the entr'acte compositions in comédie-ballets or in opéra-ballets (Lully, Rameau). Later on, this term was used for all ballet intermezzos. During the Viennese Classic era, divertimento has developed into a cyclic composition of four to ten movements, which often used sonata form, movements from suite, such as menuet, or even rondos and variations. As we may see, the form of divertimento is quite varied. It is mainly used as entertainment music for the court and the bourgeoisie and we see it as an indication of salon music (later). |
Josef Ferdinand Norbert Seger ( 1716-1782) Osm toccat a fug pro varhanyJOSEF FERDINAND NORBERT SEGER (1716-1782). ACHT TOCCATEN UND FUGEN FÜR ORGELLadislav NìmecMusicologica Olomucensia vol. 8, (2006):81-106 L´étude s´occupe du cycle des compositions pour orgue de Josef Seger dont les éditions particulières ont passé le développement intéressant depuis le moment de l´origine de cet œuvre. Le cycle Huit toccatas et fugues a été édité pour la première fois à Leipzig en 1793. Puis il a paru au 19e et surtout dans la deuxième moitié du 20e siècle en plusieurs éditions musicales dans lesquelles les écrits musicaux diffèrent l´un de l´autre. Dans la rédaction de ce cycle on a avancé en accord avec les idées de cette période ce que n´était pas toujours juste. Ce fait ne concernait pas que les éditions des œuvres de J. Seger mais en général l´approche complète à la musique ancienne du 17e et 18e siècle. La cause principale peut être suivie d´une part dans l´évolution même de la pratique éditive avec certaines fautes associées mais d´autre part aussi dans le fait que la vue de la musique ancienne et sa > prise a passé également certains changements évolutifs. Il ne s´agit pas que d´avis esthétique des musicologues du 19e et 20e siècle mais aussi du musicologique. On ne peut lier les débuts de la recherche de la musique du 17e et 18e siècle chez nous qu´avec la première moitié du 20e siècle (p.e. Vladimír Helfert et Emilián Trolda). |
CANTILENAE DIVERSE PRO DISTRICTIONE ANIMI ADHIBENDAE DESCRIPTAE ANNO 1745 - NOVA, PAREGRA ET PARALIPOMENA… (PO 20 LETECH)CANTILENAE DIVERSE PRO DISTRICTIONE ANIMI ADHIBENDAE DESCRIPTAE ANNO 1745 - NOVA, PAREGRA ET PARALIPOMENA… (AFTER 20 YAERS)Milo¹ ©tìdroòMusicologica Olomucensia vol. 9, (2007):201-210 Cantilenae diversae pro Distractione Animi adhibendae descriptae Anno 1745 is a manuscript songbook that appeared in Brno in 1745. After the abolition of the Jesuit Order these valuable resources for the study of early Theresian Brno history, found themselves in the Benediktine monastery of Raigern (Rajhrad). Here, in the 1850s, the well known philologist and literary critic Julius Feifalik studied them and analyzed one of the songs of the collection in a short essay (in: Notizen-Blatt… - editor Christian d'Elvert). The author brings further additions and remarks to his 1991-1992 critical edition and makes the first attempt at identifying the so far anonym author of this collection (Wilibald Gumpensberger, SJ, from Ingolstadt). |
Janáèkova opera Vìc Makropulos v zrcadle dobové kritikyJANÁÈEK´S OPERA THE MAKROPULOS CASE IN THE MIRROR OF THE PERIOD CRITICLenka KøupkováMusicologica Olomucensia vol. 8, (2006):125-144 The opera The Makropulos Case by Leo¹ Janáèek (1854-1928) is one of several Janáèek´s masterpieces that fall within the genre of the "Literaturoper". The paper explores the reception history of the opera´s first performances in Brno (1926) and Prague (1928). It focuses on the critical reflections of both the play by Karel Èapek and its operatic transformation by Janáèek. It seeks to reconstruct the key concepts underlying the understanding of the opera by the Czech audience in the 1920´s. According to the analysis of the texts of criticism, there was a surprisingly wide agreement among the critics in that respect. |
BALADA PRO BANDITU. MUZIKÁL PODLE LIDOVÉ POVÌSTI O LOUPE®NÍKOVI NIKOLOVI ©OHAJI LOUPE®NÍKOVIBALLAD FOR A BANDIT. A MUSICAL BASED ON THE POPULAR RUMOUR ABOUT NIKOLA ©UHAJ THE PROWLERJiøí Vyslou¾ilMusicologica Olomucensia vol. 9, (2007):241-245 The purpose of this essay is the dramatic and musical analysis of one of the most popular Czech musicals by Milan Uhde and Milo¹ ©tìdroò (1975). It is primarily concerned with the way Uhde's word-book varies with the famous novel Nikola ©uhaj loupe¾ník by Ivan Olbracht. The main variations derive from the ideological difference and from the historical context of the work. The study describes ©tìdroò's music as a synthesis of a western-movie music with some elements of musical folklore of eastern ethnics. Milo¹ ©tìdroò himself describes his music as an "eastern", while Milan Uhde adds a whole new dimension to the work, especially in cases where he turns away from the social aspects of Olbracht's novel. |
Drama einer HeldinLenka KøupkováMusicologica Olomucensia vol. 7, (2005):79-98 In his opera The Makropulos Case, Leo¹ Janáèek simplified Èapek's philosophical drama and significantly cut long dialogues. In the third act, he omitted a whole block of text and changed Èapek's formal structure. Janáèek's addition is Emilie Marty's death. He changed the motivic structure of the dramatic text so that the action would lead teleologically to the end. For these reasons he had to omit everything superfluous, everything that would slow the dramatic tempo. Death as redemption is a traditional operatic conceit, as are the choral scenes at the end. In opposition to Èapek's literary model, Janáèek in his dramaturgical conception strengthened the structure of the dramatic character of the heroine. His living connection with her is transformed into is own strong attitudes. His concentration on the detailed construction of the character of the heroine as the center of action highlighted the contours of the traits of the secondary characters. Janáèek emphasized the compositional assumption of the dramaturgical accents. By restructuring and clarifying individual lines of dramatic action, he emphasized the pulsating rhythms of dramatic situations, so that the libretto carries elements of montage. Janáèek changed the text in many places so that the music could become an independent actor in the drama. |
Mýlil se Zdenìk Bla¾ek? Nìkolik poznámek k teoretickému uchopení dvojsmìrné alteraceWAS ZDENÌK BLA®EK MISTAKEN? A FEW NOTES ON THE THEORETICAL CONCEPT OF DOUBLE ALTERATIONKarel SteinmetzMusicologica Olomucensia vol. 8, (2006):61-65 The paper is being understood as an answer to Jaroslav Smolka's negative opinion about Zdenìk Bla¾ek's theory of the double alteration. (Sounding of two chromatic variants of the same degree of the diatonic scale: one note is altered with a fiat and the same note an octave higher or lower with the sharp at the same time). The author stands for Bla¾ek's conception, which represents one of the most important contributions of Czech music theory to the European context ofharmonic thinking. In the conclusion, the author states an assumption that the double alteration led to new ideas of other Czech theorists, e.g. Jan Trojan, Jaroslav Volek, Arne Linka or Theodor Schaefer. These ideas about gradual chromatization of the diatonic scales led to the weakening of tonality at the end ofthe 19th century and to extended tonality or even atonality. |
O (hudebním) vkusu a módìOn (Musical) Taste and FashionIvan PoledòákMusicologica Olomucensia vol. 7, (2005):107-116 Wie aus der Überschrift ersichtlich ist, ist der Ausgangspunkt der Forschung das Phänomen des Geschmacks in der allgemeinen Ebene, wobei die Abhandlung eine besondere Aufmerksamkeit dem Geschmack auf dem Gebiet der Musik widmet. Ihr Ausgangspunkt waren zwei Texte, die der Autor in tschechischer Sprache veröffentlichte ("Zum Problem des musikalischen Geschmacks", in: Musikwissenschaft 1972, Nr. 2, S. 99-116 und das Stichwort "Geschmack" im Buch: Ein kurzgefasstes Wörterbuch der musikalischen Psychologie, Prag 1984). Im Vergleich zu beiden erwähnten Texten akzentiert die hier dargebotene Version eher eine ästhetische Auffassung als eine psychologische und soziologische. |
The Relation between Visual Art and Music in Lubo¹ Fi¹er's Fifteen Sheets According to Dürer's Apocalypse and CaprichosJaroslav PszczolkaMusicologica Olomucensia vol. 7, (2005):117-134 Diese Studie löst die Frage, welche gegenseitige Beziehung zwischen einem bildenden und musikalischen Werk sein kann. Sie bemüht sich eine von den möglichen Antworten am Beispiel zwei Kompositionen von Lubo¹ Fi¹er, Fünfzehn Blätter nach Dürers Apokalypse und Caprichos, zu finden. Diese oben bereits erwähnten Kompositionen wurden zu dem Ausgangspunkt unserer Analyse, die sich vor allem mit Tonmaterial, Arten von Zusammenklängen, dynamischem und motivischem Plan beschäftigt. Im Hintergrund dieser Analyse wird vor allem die Dramaturgie der bildenden Werke verfolgt, die Albrecht Dürer und Franzisco Goya in ihren Zyklen gewählt haben. Zu den berührenden Kommunikationsräumen der musikalischen und bildenden Kunstart wird in Fünfzehn Blättern nach Apokalypse Dürers der motivierte Plan gezählt, in Caprichos gehört hier neue Fi¹ers Dramaturgie von ursprünglichen Goyas Kommentaren zu den einzelnen Blättern des Zyklus. Diese Kommentare wurden als ein gesungener Text verwendet. |
Moravian Musical Inventories of the Seventeenth CenturyLucie BrázdováMusicologica Olomucensia vol. 7, (2005):17-26 Die Erkenntnisse, die uns diese Inventare bieten, sind für die Musikgeschichte Mährens äußerst wertvoll. Die Inventare belegen, dass Kompositionen im neuen Musikstil bereits kurz nach dem Jahr 1600 ihren Weg zu uns fanden, und zwar als aktuelles zeitgenössisches Repertoire. Dieses wurde in hohem Maße über Musikdrucke zu uns importiert und so konnten sich unsere Musiker mit dieser neuen Kunstrichtung auf den heimischen Bühnen vertraut machen und mussten dazu nicht ins Ausland reisen. Das in den erhaltenen Inventaren angeführte Repertoire bezieht sich zumeist auf die Kirchenmusik. Hier finden sich Messen, Litaneien, Vespern, Antiphonien, Offertorien, Motetten, Kirchenkonzerte, Kirchensonaten und andere mehr. Interessant sind zum Beispiel die Strophenlieder mit instrumentaler Begleitung mit der Bezeichnung Cantilenae, die volkstümliche Elemente im lateinischen figuralen Repertoire darstellten. Bei den Strá¾nicer Piaristen gab es sogar eines in tschechischer Sprache. Ferner sind da noch die Kompositionen des Typs Concertus de …, bei denen es sich ebenfalls Strophenlieder mit instrumentaler Begleitung handelt. Diese wurden nach frei gedichteten poetischen Texten komponiert und konnten in Gottesdiensten an Stelle der entsprechenden Teile des Propriums angesetzt oder bei nicht liturgischen Anlässen genutzt werden. Weltliche Musik ist in den Inventaren erst ab der zweiten Hälfte des 17. Jahrhunderts vertreten. In diesen finden wir unter den Bezeichnungen Ballett, Serenade und Arie Tanzmusik. |
Politik, Musik und Theater in der Oper von Juraj Bene¹ Das Festmahl (1980)Naïa HrèkováMusicologica Olomucensia vol. 7, (2005):47-57 Throughout the twentieth century there have been significant dramatic changes in opera: to its episodization (Stravinsky) or, on the other hand, to the movement of the center of gravity from mimesis to the revealing of the inner world of the characters. Under the influence of theatrical poetics there occurred the fracturing of plot, the simultaneous overlapping of various chronological levels. Starting in the 1970s, there was a modern and postmodern disillusionment with a "world without borders," whose vision in the crooked mirror of absurdity, of the grotesque, and political machinations and Dadaist-parody play. Artists in the East were likewise interested in the reinstatement of Communist regimes after the Soviet invasions and in parody of totalitarian government and leaders. Two expressionist operas that are similar (though different with regard to dramaturgy and history) testify to this fact: Hostina by Juraj Bene¹ (1980) and Èerná maska by Krzysztof Penderecki (1986). |
TO THE HISTORY AND THEORY OF MELODRAMAJaroslav JiránekMusicologica Olomucensia vol. 6, (2001):95-125 The term "melodrama" has come, in the current sense of the word, to have the established meaning of a syncretic joining of the recited word with instrumental music, which respects the relative independence and separateness of both parallel layers as opposed to the interconnection implied by the term synthetic (as used with regard to songs, choruses, cantatas, oratoria, operas and the like) in which music engulfs or swallows up the spoken word, changing it to a suitable "deformation" as an inseparable part of its own specific form. From the historical perspective, the term "melodrama" has gone through certain changes, homonymic (this term was used when referring to original Italian opera) as well as synonymic (in ancient Greece, the term "paracaralogue", that is "words or speech added to music" and, in the era of Benda, the words "monodrama" or "duodrama" were used to mean a monologue of one or two dramatic figures). |
MUSICAL LIFE IN EUROPE 1600-1900: ESF PROGRAMMEChristian MeyerMusicologica Olomucensia vol. 4, (1998):33-37 This paper outlines the basic terminology and perspective of the European Science Foundation project Musical Life in Europe 1600-1900. |
MUSIC AND MUSICIANS BETWEEN PRAGUE AND COPENHAGEN IN THE 18th AND 19th CENTURIESJarmila GabrielováMusicologica Olomucensia vol. 4, (1998):147-153 This contribution builds upon the article Èe¹tí hudebníci a èeská hudba v Dánsku do druhé svìtové války, published in Opus musicum 27 (1995), page 40-43, and summarizes some lesser known data and facts mentioned in domestic and especially in Danish scholarly literature. It points out the role played by several persons, who either originated from the Czech lands or worked here, in the musical life of Denmark (Copenhagen) and that on the one hand in the field of Italian opera and Mozart reception in the second half of the 18th and the beginning of the 19th century (P. Mingotti, Chr. W. Gluck, Fr. L. Ae. Kunzen, G. Siboni) and on the other hand in the development of Danish national music and musical institutions in the 19th and the beginning of the 20th century (Chr. Zrza, Fr. J. Gläser, Fr. Neruda, M. Brod). |
ABSOLUTE, AUTONOMOUS, FUNCTIONALHans Heinrich EggebrechtMusicologica Olomucensia vol. 3, (1997):57-63 After the year 1840 the term "absolute music" appears, which means pure music that is eliminated from everything extra-musical. While music for Hanslick is tonal art, that is, peculiar type of art which is created from tones and never from a text or programme, Wagner considers absolute music to be a result of a faulty post-antique division of music and other arts. The term absolute music has played a historically meaningful role from three points of view: it appropriately pointed out the tendency of Western European music towards instrumentation, demonstrated its opposition to emotionality or sentimentality, to incorporation of a topic or theme, and to programmatic music, and was connected to German idealism. All of this is losing its relevance in the twentieth century. As a reaction on extremely functionalistic music of the 1920´s, new interest has been awakened in the question of the specificity of music, one now speaks of the autonomy of music. The phrase, "autonomy of music" expresses the fact that music creates and determines the laws of its existence by and for itself. The terms absolute and autonomous music are in agreement in the principle "separable", which is why autonomous music can exist as absolute and opposite. Absolute music is separable from all which is specifically musical (text, program, theater, activity) and is, therefore, an aesthetic category. "Autonomous music" is understood the reality which remains when music is separated from all function, especially social function, which is therefore a sociological category. From the contemporary point of view, the problem of the polarization of autonomous music and functional music is established, and at the same time, the possibility of usefulness of the terms absolute music and autonomous music for the systematics of aesthetics is established. Autonomous (self-determining) and functional (designed to fulfil a certain purpose) music are intentional expressions, they are various (accenting or repressed) moments of uniquely musical formation, moments of esthetic or functional quality. A polarizing watershed between them is not, therefore, possible. This pair of terms, autonomous and functional music, bring the components of extra-musical into confrontation with one another. At the very least, this factor, for composers representing the connection to music of subjectivity, life experiences and thinking, brings into doubt the existence of anything purely musical. Musical autonomy does not exist, because no constant, isolated musical being exists. In the course of thinking about music it is essential to treat the terms absolute, autonomous and functional music with caution and always have in mind their perspective, historical and intentional dimensions, in order that they do not become terms empty of meaning. |
