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Thus Composed the Philosopher: On the Occasion of the 160th Anniversary of the Birth of Friedrich Nietzsche

Elena Letòanová

Musicologica Olomucensia vol. 7, (2005):99-106

Friedrich Nietzsches philosophische Werke sind voll der Bemerkungen und Betrachtungen zur Kunst, insbesondere zur Musik. Mann konnte versucht sein, Nietzsches Interesse für die Musik aus der für ihn so schicksalhaften Begegnung mit Richard Wagner herzuleiten. Dem widerspricht aber ein umfangreicher musikalischer Nachlass, mehr als 70 vokal und instrumental Werke, der zur Hauptsache vor der Wagnerbekannschaft stammt. Nur 40 Werke überlebten den zweiten Weltkrieg; viele sind Fragmente, oder Kompositionen ohne klare Instrumentation. Nietzsche erhielt als Knabe von neun Jahren Klavierunterricht und wurde ein guter Klavierspieler und Improvisator, aber die Grundlagen des Komponierens wurde ihm nicht gegeben hatten; seinen musikalischen Arbeiten haftet immer etwas Laienhaftes an. Nietzsche entwickelte eine kurze aphoristische Forme von Variationen. Schumann, Wagner, Beethoven bedeuteten ihm das Höchste in der Musik. Die umfangreichste Fantasien mit der Charakteristik von Rapsodien, wie Hymnus an die Freundschaff oder dramatische Ermanarich erinnern uns an Beethoven und an Lisztische Transkriptionen. Gelingen ist ihm im Bereich der lyrischen Schubertischen Lieder mit Klavier (17) und der poetischen, melancholischen, romantischen Klavierstücken wie Im Mondschein auf der Puszta, So lach doch mal und Monodie und vierhändigen Monodie à deux (Lob der Barmherzigkeit).

DIVERTIMENTO, KASACE A SERENÁDA V ÈESKÝCH ZEMÍCH OSMNÁCTÉHO STOLETÍ

DIVERTIMENTO, CASSATION AND SERENADE IN THE CZECH LANDS OF THE 18th CENTURY

Rudolf Peèman

Musicologica Olomucensia vol. 9, (2007):179-188

Divertimento, cassation and serenade were important techniques of composition within the Czech lands during the 18th century. Divertimento is considered to be a specific genre of musical composition, mainly of a purpose of entertainment. It is noted for its undemanding composition style. The Italians understood divertimento as a composition for entertainment or amusement purposes. However, they also used the word (till the end of the 17th century) to describe collections of entertaining songs. As for French theater of the 17th and 18th centuries, the word "divertissement" was used for the entr'acte compositions in comédie-ballets or in opéra-ballets (Lully, Rameau). Later on, this term was used for all ballet intermezzos. During the Viennese Classic era, divertimento has developed into a cyclic composition of four to ten movements, which often used sonata form, movements from suite, such as menuet, or even rondos and variations. As we may see, the form of divertimento is quite varied. It is mainly used as entertainment music for the court and the bourgeoisie and we see it as an indication of salon music (later).
Cassation was mainly an evening music, reflecting an old habit of playing in front of the house of a beloved lass. It is a composition of more than one movement, close to a suite. Both wind instruments and string instruments are commonly used in cassation (also in solo parts). These compositions have mostly been played under the open sky and were also a form of entertainment. We may often find cassation been called notturno or sinfonia etc. Cassations were also often connected with feasts (i.e. craftsman celebrations).
Compared to divertimento and cassation - a serenade differs from the former in its inner structuring. It is connected with functionally distinctive situations. The root of the word comes from sérénade (French) or serenata (Italian), meaning a musical production under the open sky or and evening production (from an Italian word "sera" = evening). The music is mainly vocal or vocal-instrumental. Serenade has often been mistaken for divertimento or cassation and sometimes is used as music for the table ("Tafelmusik").
Among the Czech lands the forms of divertimento, cassation and serenade were a backbone of the music production of the 18th century. These forms were often performed both at the court and elsewhere. Vladimír Helfert used to call Bohemia, Moravia, but also Silesia "the spring of music", namely for the value of music production within these regions. From the cultural centres music soon expanded to the entire country, mainly to schools and churches. We are sure about its presence due to the information in the archives. These forms, however, were often performed in a simplified manner, often influenced by cyclical sonata, and were often quite variable in terms of its instrumental engagement. On the other hand, all these forms had certain influence on so artificial music (Smetana, Dvoøák, Martinù and modern authors). Thus the issue of divertimentos, cassations and serenades may be understood as contemporary.

Josef Ferdinand Norbert Seger ( 1716-1782) Osm toccat a fug pro varhany

JOSEF FERDINAND NORBERT SEGER (1716-1782). ACHT TOCCATEN UND FUGEN FÜR ORGEL

Ladislav Nìmec

Musicologica Olomucensia vol. 8, (2006):81-106

L´étude s´occupe du cycle des compositions pour orgue de Josef Seger dont les éditions particulières ont passé le développement intéressant depuis le moment de l´origine de cet œuvre. Le cycle Huit toccatas et fugues a été édité pour la première fois à Leipzig en 1793. Puis il a paru au 19e et surtout dans la deuxième moitié du 20e siècle en plusieurs éditions musicales dans lesquelles les écrits musicaux diffèrent l´un de l´autre. Dans la rédaction de ce cycle on a avancé en accord avec les idées de cette période ce que n´était pas toujours juste. Ce fait ne concernait pas que les éditions des œuvres de J. Seger mais en général l´approche complète à la musique ancienne du 17e et 18e siècle. La cause principale peut être suivie d´une part dans l´évolution même de la pratique éditive avec certaines fautes associées mais d´autre part aussi dans le fait que la vue de la musique ancienne et sa > prise a passé également certains changements évolutifs. Il ne s´agit pas que d´avis esthétique des musicologues du 19e et 20e siècle mais aussi du musicologique. On ne peut lier les débuts de la recherche de la musique du 17e et 18e siècle chez nous qu´avec la première moitié du 20e siècle (p.e. Vladimír Helfert et Emilián Trolda).
La recherche principale des œuvres des compositeurs tchèques du 17e et 18e siècle n´a commencé chez nous qu´après l´année 1945 ainsi que l´imprimé des autres éditions. Dans les éditions tchèques des compositions pour orgue on peut trouver les copies inconvenables de ces œuvres en portées de trois lignes et éventuellement encore avec les touches dans le texte musical même (p.e. édition Musica antiqua bohemica). Ceci concerne aussi le cycle Huit toccatas et fugues pour orgue de J. Seger. Comme le défaut de ces éditions se manifeste la recherche stagnée des orgues historiques faite par les musicologues tchèques qui p.e. en Allemagne s´est effectué beaucoup plus tôt que chez nous.
Autres changements essentiels dans l´interprétation de cette musique et ses éditions n´ont entré en jeu qu´à partir des années 90 du 20e siècle. On a commencé à développer chez nous l´intérêt pour les orgues historiques (p.e. Jiøí Sehnal, Petr Koukal), les recherches suivantes dans le domaine de la musique tchèque pour orgue (p.e. J. Smolka, J. Sehnal) et aussi le renouement des recherches étrangères dans le domaine de l´interprétation et l´édition de la musique ancienne (p.e. l´édition Artthon). Cette problématique est plus développée dans cette étude. On y trouve aussi certaines conclusions comme l´impulsion à penser et à la recherche suivante.

CANTILENAE DIVERSE PRO DISTRICTIONE ANIMI ADHIBENDAE DESCRIPTAE ANNO 1745 - NOVA, PAREGRA ET PARALIPOMENA… (PO 20 LETECH)

CANTILENAE DIVERSE PRO DISTRICTIONE ANIMI ADHIBENDAE DESCRIPTAE ANNO 1745 - NOVA, PAREGRA ET PARALIPOMENA… (AFTER 20 YAERS)

Milo¹ ©tìdroò

Musicologica Olomucensia vol. 9, (2007):201-210

Cantilenae diversae pro Distractione Animi adhibendae descriptae Anno 1745 is a manuscript songbook that appeared in Brno in 1745. After the abolition of the Jesuit Order these valuable resources for the study of early Theresian Brno history, found themselves in the Benediktine monastery of Raigern (Rajhrad). Here, in the 1850s, the well known philologist and literary critic Julius Feifalik studied them and analyzed one of the songs of the collection in a short essay (in: Notizen-Blatt… - editor Christian d'Elvert). The author brings further additions and remarks to his 1991-1992 critical edition and makes the first attempt at identifying the so far anonym author of this collection (Wilibald Gumpensberger, SJ, from Ingolstadt).

Janáèkova opera Vìc Makropulos v zrcadle dobové kritiky

JANÁÈEK´S OPERA THE MAKROPULOS CASE IN THE MIRROR OF THE PERIOD CRITIC

Lenka Køupková

Musicologica Olomucensia vol. 8, (2006):125-144

The opera The Makropulos Case by Leo¹ Janáèek (1854-1928) is one of several Janáèek´s masterpieces that fall within the genre of the "Literaturoper". The paper explores the reception history of the opera´s first performances in Brno (1926) and Prague (1928). It focuses on the critical reflections of both the play by Karel Èapek and its operatic transformation by Janáèek. It seeks to reconstruct the key concepts underlying the understanding of the opera by the Czech audience in the 1920´s. According to the analysis of the texts of criticism, there was a surprisingly wide agreement among the critics in that respect.

BALADA PRO BANDITU. MUZIKÁL PODLE LIDOVÉ POVÌSTI O LOUPE®NÍKOVI NIKOLOVI ©OHAJI LOUPE®NÍKOVI

BALLAD FOR A BANDIT. A MUSICAL BASED ON THE POPULAR RUMOUR ABOUT NIKOLA ©UHAJ THE PROWLER

Jiøí Vyslou¾il

Musicologica Olomucensia vol. 9, (2007):241-245

The purpose of this essay is the dramatic and musical analysis of one of the most popular Czech musicals by Milan Uhde and Milo¹ ©tìdroò (1975). It is primarily concerned with the way Uhde's word-book varies with the famous novel Nikola ©uhaj loupe¾ník by Ivan Olbracht. The main variations derive from the ideological difference and from the historical context of the work. The study describes ©tìdroò's music as a synthesis of a western-movie music with some elements of musical folklore of eastern ethnics. Milo¹ ©tìdroò himself describes his music as an "eastern", while Milan Uhde adds a whole new dimension to the work, especially in cases where he turns away from the social aspects of Olbracht's novel.

Drama einer Heldin

Lenka Køupková

Musicologica Olomucensia vol. 7, (2005):79-98

In his opera The Makropulos Case, Leo¹ Janáèek simplified Èapek's philosophical drama and significantly cut long dialogues. In the third act, he omitted a whole block of text and changed Èapek's formal structure. Janáèek's addition is Emilie Marty's death. He changed the motivic structure of the dramatic text so that the action would lead teleologically to the end. For these reasons he had to omit everything superfluous, everything that would slow the dramatic tempo. Death as redemption is a traditional operatic conceit, as are the choral scenes at the end. In opposition to Èapek's literary model, Janáèek in his dramaturgical conception strengthened the structure of the dramatic character of the heroine. His living connection with her is transformed into is own strong attitudes. His concentration on the detailed construction of the character of the heroine as the center of action highlighted the contours of the traits of the secondary characters. Janáèek emphasized the compositional assumption of the dramaturgical accents. By restructuring and clarifying individual lines of dramatic action, he emphasized the pulsating rhythms of dramatic situations, so that the libretto carries elements of montage. Janáèek changed the text in many places so that the music could become an independent actor in the drama.

Mýlil se Zdenìk Bla¾ek? Nìkolik poznámek k teoretickému uchopení dvojsmìrné alterace

WAS ZDENÌK BLA®EK MISTAKEN? A FEW NOTES ON THE THEORETICAL CONCEPT OF DOUBLE ALTERATION

Karel Steinmetz

Musicologica Olomucensia vol. 8, (2006):61-65

The paper is being understood as an answer to Jaroslav Smolka's negative opinion about Zdenìk Bla¾ek's theory of the double alteration. (Sounding of two chromatic variants of the same degree of the diatonic scale: one note is altered with a fiat and the same note an octave higher or lower with the sharp at the same time). The author stands for Bla¾ek's conception, which represents one of the most important contributions of Czech music theory to the European context ofharmonic thinking. In the conclusion, the author states an assumption that the double alteration led to new ideas of other Czech theorists, e.g. Jan Trojan, Jaroslav Volek, Arne Linka or Theodor Schaefer. These ideas about gradual chromatization of the diatonic scales led to the weakening of tonality at the end ofthe 19th century and to extended tonality or even atonality.

O (hudebním) vkusu a módì

On (Musical) Taste and Fashion

Ivan Poledòák

Musicologica Olomucensia vol. 7, (2005):107-116

Wie aus der Überschrift ersichtlich ist, ist der Ausgangspunkt der Forschung das Phänomen des Geschmacks in der allgemeinen Ebene, wobei die Abhandlung eine besondere Aufmerksamkeit dem Geschmack auf dem Gebiet der Musik widmet. Ihr Ausgangspunkt waren zwei Texte, die der Autor in tschechischer Sprache veröffentlichte ("Zum Problem des musikalischen Geschmacks", in: Musikwissenschaft 1972, Nr. 2, S. 99-116 und das Stichwort "Geschmack" im Buch: Ein kurzgefasstes Wörterbuch der musikalischen Psychologie, Prag 1984). Im Vergleich zu beiden erwähnten Texten akzentiert die hier dargebotene Version eher eine ästhetische Auffassung als eine psychologische und soziologische.
Das Gebiet der Geschmacksurteile überschreitet das Gebiet der Kunst, es betrifft auch die Verhaltens- und Lebensweise im weitesten Sinne des Wortes. Die Abhandlung analysiert die Berechtigung und Begrenztheit zweier extremer Auffassungen des Geschmacks, wobei man die eine durch die bekannte Redewendung "De gustibus non est disputandum", charakterisieren kann, die andere dann so, dass man den Geschmack erlernen kann, dass er eigentlich eine Annahme der Norm ist. Der Autor widmet sich den Hauptzügen, respektive der Charakteristik des Geschmacks, um sich dann mit drei Hauptmomenten zu befassen, die die Herausbildung des musikalischen Geschmack beeinflussen und in ihn eingehen: eine Sphäre der musikalischen Erfahrung des Einzelnen, die zweite die Sphäre außerhalb der Musik in der Ebene der individuellen Psychologie, die dritte die kulturelle Determination im weitesten Sinne des Wortes. Der Geschmack kommt eher in der Ebene der Rezeption zur Geltung, als in der schöpferischen Ebene. Das Geschmacksphänomen hängt mit dem Phänomen der Mode zusammen. Der Autor weist auf die Tatsache hin, dass man die Mode nicht ausschließlich als negative Erscheinung betrachten sollte, was man vor allem auf dem Gebiet der modernen, populären Musik verfolgen kann. Es gilt keineswegs, dass sich die Geschmacklosigkeit ausschließlich auf diesem Gebiet bemerkbar macht, auch wenn ersichtlich ist, dass ihre soziale Existenz und Funktion dazu beitragen, dass sie zur Geschmacklosigkeit ziemlich neigt.
Die Abhandlung wird mit der Feststellung abgeschlossen, dass der Begriff Geschmack in der heutigen Zeit in der üblichen Kommunikation und auch im Kontext der Ästhetik viel von seiner Tragfähigkeit und Benützbarkeit verloren hat: er ist gewissermaßen verschwommen, schwierig zu verifizieren usw. Auch wenn es oftmals möglich ist, ihn durch die Begriffe "Präferenz", "Interessen", "Orientierung" u. ä. zu ersetzen, führen nichtsdestoweniger diese Verschiebungen zum Diskurs irgendwie "heraus aus der Ästhetik" in die soziale Psychologie oder Soziologie. In der (musikalischen) Ästhetik kann oder muss der Begriff Geschmack erhalten bleiben und man kann dann mit ihn bei gebührender Vorsichtigkeit arbeiten.

The Relation between Visual Art and Music in Lubo¹ Fi¹er's Fifteen Sheets According to Dürer's Apocalypse and Caprichos

Jaroslav Pszczolka

Musicologica Olomucensia vol. 7, (2005):117-134

Diese Studie löst die Frage, welche gegenseitige Beziehung zwischen einem bildenden und musikalischen Werk sein kann. Sie bemüht sich eine von den möglichen Antworten am Beispiel zwei Kompositionen von Lubo¹ Fi¹er, Fünfzehn Blätter nach Dürers Apokalypse und Caprichos, zu finden. Diese oben bereits erwähnten Kompositionen wurden zu dem Ausgangspunkt unserer Analyse, die sich vor allem mit Tonmaterial, Arten von Zusammenklängen, dynamischem und motivischem Plan beschäftigt. Im Hintergrund dieser Analyse wird vor allem die Dramaturgie der bildenden Werke verfolgt, die Albrecht Dürer und Franzisco Goya in ihren Zyklen gewählt haben. Zu den berührenden Kommunikationsräumen der musikalischen und bildenden Kunstart wird in Fünfzehn Blättern nach Apokalypse Dürers der motivierte Plan gezählt, in Caprichos gehört hier neue Fi¹ers Dramaturgie von ursprünglichen Goyas Kommentaren zu den einzelnen Blättern des Zyklus. Diese Kommentare wurden als ein gesungener Text verwendet.

Moravian Musical Inventories of the Seventeenth Century

Lucie Brázdová

Musicologica Olomucensia vol. 7, (2005):17-26

Die Erkenntnisse, die uns diese Inventare bieten, sind für die Musikgeschichte Mährens äußerst wertvoll. Die Inventare belegen, dass Kompositionen im neuen Musikstil bereits kurz nach dem Jahr 1600 ihren Weg zu uns fanden, und zwar als aktuelles zeitgenössisches Repertoire. Dieses wurde in hohem Maße über Musikdrucke zu uns importiert und so konnten sich unsere Musiker mit dieser neuen Kunstrichtung auf den heimischen Bühnen vertraut machen und mussten dazu nicht ins Ausland reisen. Das in den erhaltenen Inventaren angeführte Repertoire bezieht sich zumeist auf die Kirchenmusik. Hier finden sich Messen, Litaneien, Vespern, Antiphonien, Offertorien, Motetten, Kirchenkonzerte, Kirchensonaten und andere mehr. Interessant sind zum Beispiel die Strophenlieder mit instrumentaler Begleitung mit der Bezeichnung Cantilenae, die volkstümliche Elemente im lateinischen figuralen Repertoire darstellten. Bei den Strá¾nicer Piaristen gab es sogar eines in tschechischer Sprache. Ferner sind da noch die Kompositionen des Typs Concertus de …, bei denen es sich ebenfalls Strophenlieder mit instrumentaler Begleitung handelt. Diese wurden nach frei gedichteten poetischen Texten komponiert und konnten in Gottesdiensten an Stelle der entsprechenden Teile des Propriums angesetzt oder bei nicht liturgischen Anlässen genutzt werden. Weltliche Musik ist in den Inventaren erst ab der zweiten Hälfte des 17. Jahrhunderts vertreten. In diesen finden wir unter den Bezeichnungen Ballett, Serenade und Arie Tanzmusik.
Die erhaltenen Inventare aus dem 17. Jahrhundert belegen, dass in Mähren der Übergang von der Renaissance zum Barock bereits vor 1620 begann, und dass der neue Stil hauptsächlich über Drucke italienischer Komponisten zu uns durchdrang. Die einzelnen Zentren lebten nicht isoliert, sonder unterhielten zu einander sowohl offizielle als auch rein persönliche künstlerische und gesellschaftliche Kontakte. Daraus resultierte ein stetiger Austausch musikalischer Werte, wozu auch öffentliche Musikvorträge in den Kirchen beitrugen, wo neben den italienischen Komponisten auch Werke heimischer Autoren gespielt wurden.

Politik, Musik und Theater in der Oper von Juraj Bene¹ Das Festmahl (1980)

Naïa Hrèková

Musicologica Olomucensia vol. 7, (2005):47-57

Throughout the twentieth century there have been significant dramatic changes in opera: to its episodization (Stravinsky) or, on the other hand, to the movement of the center of gravity from mimesis to the revealing of the inner world of the characters. Under the influence of theatrical poetics there occurred the fracturing of plot, the simultaneous overlapping of various chronological levels. Starting in the 1970s, there was a modern and postmodern disillusionment with a "world without borders," whose vision in the crooked mirror of absurdity, of the grotesque, and political machinations and Dadaist-parody play. Artists in the East were likewise interested in the reinstatement of Communist regimes after the Soviet invasions and in parody of totalitarian government and leaders. Two expressionist operas that are similar (though different with regard to dramaturgy and history) testify to this fact: Hostina by Juraj Bene¹ (1980) and Èerná maska by Krzysztof Penderecki (1986).
Both operas have a historical basis and the action, past and present, rational and irrational, constantly overlap and are the key to understanding the present. In Bene¹'s opera, on a text by P.O. Hviezdoslav, biblical times of two Herods overlap - Herod in the opera is, however, the timeless character of a hysterical and paranoid dictator. Penderecki's opera maintains the unity of time and space - the spiral of events and scenes in Hostina take place as a permanent "alienation" in different time periods, spaces, in reality and dreams. Nevertheless, it does not produce confusion for the viewer. Hostina is not, however, like Èerná maska, an uninterrupted danse macabre. In the spirit of the poetry of Hviezdoslav, the composer selects the struggle of evil on one side (Herod) - and on the other, in the characters of Rachel and Jochanan, the struggle of good, sacrifice, truth, and purity.

TO THE HISTORY AND THEORY OF MELODRAMA

Jaroslav Jiránek

Musicologica Olomucensia vol. 6, (2001):95-125

The term "melodrama" has come, in the current sense of the word, to have the established meaning of a syncretic joining of the recited word with instrumental music, which respects the relative independence and separateness of both parallel layers as opposed to the interconnection implied by the term synthetic (as used with regard to songs, choruses, cantatas, oratoria, operas and the like) in which music engulfs or swallows up the spoken word, changing it to a suitable "deformation" as an inseparable part of its own specific form. From the historical perspective, the term "melodrama" has gone through certain changes, homonymic (this term was used when referring to original Italian opera) as well as synonymic (in ancient Greece, the term "paracaralogue", that is "words or speech added to music" and, in the era of Benda, the words "monodrama" or "duodrama" were used to mean a monologue of one or two dramatic figures).
J. Rousseau and J. A. Benda are considered to be the founders of modern European melodrama. Both express a distaste for "recitativo secco" and the non-dramatic conventions of old Italian and French court opera and attempt, via singspiel, to effect a dramatic reform analogous to what Gluck accomplished with opera. Their departure points, however, differ from one another. Rousseau, who himself was a composer as well, was above all a writer, who endeavoured to musically lyricize the dramatic word (he rejected the supposed lack of musicality of the French language in particular). At the same time, he had an enlightened spirit with regard to the priority of the word over music and became the founder of a literary line of the development of melodrama and its conciliation with other dramatic forms (ballet, "mimodram"). Benda, on the other hand, was a composer who hung on to, in that syncretic artistic form, a primary respect for music and became a pioneer of the musical form of melodrama and the evolutionary line arising therefrom.
The tectonic priority of this or that component unfolded in accordance with historical transformations of styles and genres. Classic style placed the main emphasis on the word, in the spirit of enlightened rationalism, and so it was no accident that the 18th century was the very time in which there was a great interest in the new syncretic artistic form on the part of writers themselves. After the Great French Revolution, in that strange period of the rebirth of preromantic aesthetics, "folkiness" or popular character, the so-called popular melodrama was born, aimed on purpose at a broad range of classes of society. This discredited the term melodrama, making it a surrogate for kitsch and kitchiness (a source of the pejorative naming of literature, film and the like as being "melodramatic"). Benda´s sometime endeavour to create a melodramatic musical form finally found its application in romanticism, which placed music on an aesthetic pedestal above all other forms of art. A new form, concert melodrama, was formed and, in neoromanticism, a modern scenic melodrama as well, based upon dialogue. The peak thereof is represented by the Shakespearean dramatic trilogy Hippodamie by Z. Fibich based on the original stage play by J. Vrchlický. Expressionism continued further down the path of romantic dominance of music over the spoken text by h

MUSICAL LIFE IN EUROPE 1600-1900: ESF PROGRAMME

Christian Meyer

Musicologica Olomucensia vol. 4, (1998):33-37

This paper outlines the basic terminology and perspective of the European Science Foundation project Musical Life in Europe 1600-1900.
It points out that:
1. Changes in European musical life are directly dependent upon the migrations of musicians.
2. Musical practice is above all the practice of musical institutions.
3. The activities of these institutions are penetrated by cultural representation.
The terms circulation, institution and representation are explained in the text. Mutual relations exist between these three terms.

MUSIC AND MUSICIANS BETWEEN PRAGUE AND COPENHAGEN IN THE 18th AND 19th CENTURIES

Jarmila Gabrielová

Musicologica Olomucensia vol. 4, (1998):147-153

This contribution builds upon the article Èe¹tí hudebníci a èeská hudba v Dánsku do druhé svìtové války, published in Opus musicum 27 (1995), page 40-43, and summarizes some lesser known data and facts mentioned in domestic and especially in Danish scholarly literature. It points out the role played by several persons, who either originated from the Czech lands or worked here, in the musical life of Denmark (Copenhagen) and that on the one hand in the field of Italian opera and Mozart reception in the second half of the 18th and the beginning of the 19th century (P. Mingotti, Chr. W. Gluck, Fr. L. Ae. Kunzen, G. Siboni) and on the other hand in the development of Danish national music and musical institutions in the 19th and the beginning of the 20th century (Chr. Zrza, Fr. J. Gläser, Fr. Neruda, M. Brod).

ABSOLUTE, AUTONOMOUS, FUNCTIONAL

Hans Heinrich Eggebrecht

Musicologica Olomucensia vol. 3, (1997):57-63

After the year 1840 the term "absolute music" appears, which means pure music that is eliminated from everything extra-musical. While music for Hanslick is tonal art, that is, peculiar type of art which is created from tones and never from a text or programme, Wagner considers absolute music to be a result of a faulty post-antique division of music and other arts. The term absolute music has played a historically meaningful role from three points of view: it appropriately pointed out the tendency of Western European music towards instrumentation, demonstrated its opposition to emotionality or sentimentality, to incorporation of a topic or theme, and to programmatic music, and was connected to German idealism. All of this is losing its relevance in the twentieth century. As a reaction on extremely functionalistic music of the 1920´s, new interest has been awakened in the question of the specificity of music, one now speaks of the autonomy of music. The phrase, "autonomy of music" expresses the fact that music creates and determines the laws of its existence by and for itself. The terms absolute and autonomous music are in agreement in the principle "separable", which is why autonomous music can exist as absolute and opposite. Absolute music is separable from all which is specifically musical (text, program, theater, activity) and is, therefore, an aesthetic category. "Autonomous music" is understood the reality which remains when music is separated from all function, especially social function, which is therefore a sociological category. From the contemporary point of view, the problem of the polarization of autonomous music and functional music is established, and at the same time, the possibility of usefulness of the terms absolute music and autonomous music for the systematics of aesthetics is established. Autonomous (self-determining) and functional (designed to fulfil a certain purpose) music are intentional expressions, they are various (accenting or repressed) moments of uniquely musical formation, moments of esthetic or functional quality. A polarizing watershed between them is not, therefore, possible. This pair of terms, autonomous and functional music, bring the components of extra-musical into confrontation with one another. At the very least, this factor, for composers representing the connection to music of subjectivity, life experiences and thinking, brings into doubt the existence of anything purely musical. Musical autonomy does not exist, because no constant, isolated musical being exists. In the course of thinking about music it is essential to treat the terms absolute, autonomous and functional music with caution and always have in mind their perspective, historical and intentional dimensions, in order that they do not become terms empty of meaning.

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