The study is dedicated to the reception of the first German performances of the opera Prodaná nevěsta by Bedřich Smetana in Vienna - in 1893 in the Theater an der Wien, and later in 1896 in Hofoper. Smetana's comic opera came to the Viennese stage as late as almost thirty years after its birth. The work, which was already perceived in Bohemia as part of autonomous Czech music culture as well as a prototype of the national opera of that day, was performed in Vienna during a nationally and politically tense period when Czech society still felt disillusion after the collapse of the Austro-Bohemian compromise in the 1870s. The issue of the position of the Czech Lands within the monarchy had become topical once again by that time. The year 1890 saw a new (and until the outbreak of World War I also the last) attempt at strengthening the centralism, which was rejected by the (non-uniform) opposition in the Czech Lands. In this situation, the Czech National Theatre was visiting the International Exhibition of Music and Theatre (Internationale Ausstellung für Musik- und Theaterwesen) organized in Vienna 1892, where Smetana's Prodaná nevěsta clearly won. This performance was followed by the both above-mentioned premieres on the Viennese stages: first in Theater an der Wien, led by private lessors, and three years later on the official court scene. Based on documents from the archives of the Court Opera, the contemporary press and other sources, the study presents examples of the political context of both the premieres and their reviews by the contemporary satire.

Filippo Marinetti in his Beyond Communism (1920) called Futurism the official art of Soviet Russia. What is Futurist art in the viewpoint of Russia? Defining art as "a source of power and transformation," Russians believed that it is essential to arrange human society in a new way to create unified art.
This paper deals with the viewpoints of Nikolai Kulbin (1868-1917), Arthur Lourie (1891-1966), and Mikhail Matyushin (1861-1934). Having joined the Futurism movement during a certain period, their art concepts found a reflection in the form of an essay that the current paper is based on.

A new methodology for the analysis of the concert melodrama in the Romantic period divided work through the identification of boundaries between music and text, also where in the concert melodrama only musical or purely poetic sections were found. In connection with previous knowledge, new unique types of connection and context were defined. Because important structural aspects of the new methodology were introduced in Fibich's melodramas Štědrý den, Vodník and Hakon, a representative sample of analysis demonstrates the effort of the composer to support not only the meaning of the text and to give it its contextual climate but also to keep the actual musical flow. Great works also show that the degree of originality of the music in relation to the text is very finely differentiated and that the consolidation of the musical material is constructed not only on a motive of concentration, but also on a more general level of its organization.

The Missa brevis in F Major op. 21 Hud 279 (1885) was composed by Fibich during his two-year compositional crisis. The composition was frequently performed in Bohemian and Moravian churches and remained part of their repertory up until the 1940s. The composition manifests the influence of compositional techniques of Renaissance vocal polyphony, basso continuo, the harmonization technique of the Protestant chorale, as well as elements of contemporary figural music. Apart from an analysis of the composition's style and evaluation of Fibich's relationship to liturgical music, this paper also presents the reception of the composition and reflections on it, and classifies it within the context of the liturgical repertory performed in the Czech Lands in the 1870s and 1880s. Particular attention is paid to the characteristics of two contemporary tendencies: figural music and the reformation of the Cyril (Cecilian) Movement.

Through his activities, Bedřich Smetana fundamentally influenced the formation of modern Czech musical life. The exceptional nature of his position lies in the breadth and versatility of his activities. As a composer, he founded modern Czech music and he asserted himself as a pianist, conductor, choirmaster, music teacher, and music critic. For eight years he was at the helm of the Czech opera of the Provisional Theatre and participated significantly in the establishment and activities of some of Prague’s cultural institutions. Smetana’s public endeavours and artistic efforts were closely related to societal events, especially from the 1860s onwards, and this linkage between artistic intentions and societal demand is reflected in his production in terms of the range and choice of themes and genres. To some extent, Smetana subordinated his personal life to his public activities and artistic vocation, and his financial situation also reflected this decision.

Receiving a contract with a well-known publisher provided composers with an opportunity to promote their works in the concert hall or theatre, which was of course also in the interest of the publishers – each successful performance of a composition amounted to a higher demand for the piece. Last but not least, the publishing contract provided composers with a significant source of income, although in the case of Czech composers by no means the sole one. By using the examples of one generation of Czech composers ( J. B. Foerster, V. Novák, J. Suk) the aim of this paper is to demonstrate the specific features and differences in the conditions and relations that these figures had with the renowned publishing house Universal-Edition in Vienna.

The genre of opera has often provided a fertile context for the development of tectonics: inner structures designed to give coherence to a specific composition and to convey its content. The simplest applications of such structures in opera have consisted of clearly-defined, repetitive motivic references to characters and dramatic events. During the second half of the nineteenth century, these structures became increasingly more subtle, more comprehensive, and more responsive to compositional impulse and emotion. As musical subtexts, they intensified the theatrical immediacy of the work through evocation of mood, enhancement of text, gestures, and interrelationships. Notable examples of such subtexts can be found in Czech operas: Smetana's Dalibor, Dvořák's Rusalka, Janáček's Její pastorkyňa, as well as Bouře. Fibich's intensive professional training at the Leipzig Conservatory and his continual goal to achieve compositional excellence produced a mature style of unusual power, clarity and depth. His transition from simple motivic referentiality to a subtext of complex, expressive inner structure is especially visible in Bouře. Musical evidence indicates that operas such as these influenced the growth of tectonics in Czech music well into the twentieth century.

James MacMillan is one of the few internationally renowned composers who embraced the liturgical reform of the Second Vatican Council with its key concept of participatio actuosa and wrote music involving the congregation. With regard to these works, the following questions are discussed and answered: In what way did he compose for untrained singers so that they are able to sing his compositions? Which stylistic compromises did he accept and how are they artistically justifiable? How does his liturgical music involving the congregation relate to liturgical theological concepts?

The contribution of Czech composers to the development of the Polish national music begins in the era of the activity of Jan Stefani, the composer of musical set to Cracovians and Highlanders by Wojciech Bogusławski, considered the first Polish national opera. Further on are the achievements of Wilem Würffel as the creator of polonaises and fantasies based on Polish national melodies. Although after the anti-Russian uprising (1831), many Czech musicians still worked in Poland as music teachers, members of orchestras or choir directors, their participation in shaping the formation of Polish national music was rather niche. It was influenced by political reality, which was not favorable to the development of Polish-Czech contacts, especially in the part of the country under Russian rule (here Czechs were seen as Russophiles). The impulse that increased interest in Czech music in Poland in the last decades of the 19th century was the awareness of its high position in Europe. The successes of Smetana and Dvořák's works discussed in foreign music press, prompted several Polish music activists to attempts to introduce them to national stages. However, it was only the beginning of the twientieth century when Czech national music was properly assessed by Polish composers. And here political factors played also a role - the "Czech Renaissance" in Polish musical thought was largely inspired by the events of the Prague Neo-Slav rally of 1908.

Discotheques were one of the most important forms of Czechoslovak popular culture before 1989. These events mediated entertainment for a broad group of people, at the same time provided information unavailable in the context of the official media. For these reasons, discotheques quite soon became the focus of communist cultural politics. Its representatives attempted to form the given phenomenon under the direction of communist ideology, both administratively and in terms of education. The paper, which is based on an investigation of original sources including interviews with witnesses, deals with the aforementioned issues also with regard to the music scene of the main city of Central Moravia, Olomouc.

Moritz Geiger, Edmund Husserl's pupil, was the first phenomenologist to devote himself to the issues of aesthetics throughout all his life. Growing out of a background in psychological aesthetics, mainly the aesthetics of empathy, he was chiefly concerned with the study of aesthetic experience. The present article pays attention to Geiger's concept of aesthetic enjoyment and especially the position in it of music, while analysing the most important assumptions of Eduard Hanslick's music aesthetics as Geiger implemented them into his own reasoning. The paper shows that Geiger's position was mainly rooted in the Kantian formulation of the aesthetic attitude as it was echoed in Hanslick. Both Hanslick and Geiger were helped in their thoughts about the position of music among the arts by the role of perceptual parameters. While Geiger acquired a more differentiated position in classifying aesthetic perception over Hanslick's brusque distinction between the right (aesthetic) and inappropriate (pathological) experience of art, in the context of his seemingly puritan formalism he could also appreciate Hanslick's cautious claim about the ideas conveyed by music because his position later shifted toward positing the existential significance of art.

The subject of this analysis is the musical material of the progressive rock area, specifically the Take a Pebble song by the British band Emerson, Lake & Palmer (1970). The analysis focuses on motivic and thematic coherence and the overall musical form, but also deals with substantial correlations in the field of instrumentation, harmony, rhythm, melody as well as dynamic aspect, the program content of the composition (the lyrics), interpretation style and other contexts.

The article, based on the long-term research of music events in contemporary Prague, aims to find the ways whereby various Prague communities remember their pasts through music. The theoretical background comes from Jan Assmann (2011), according to whom communities are bound together by the co-called connective structure; its time dimension can be understood as a way of remembrance. In the first part of the article, the author aims to elaborate an analytical approach providing a categorization of types - "modalities" - of recollection. In the second part, three such modalities created by different communities are presented: an official modality of "national heroes", the dynamic modality of the underground, and the nostalgic modality of "the children of a socialist paradise".

Through the figure of the singer Prince, Roger Nelson (1958-2016), LoveSymbol, we can reflect complex relationships between the artist and the game of celebrity. The fact of becoming popular, of being a known singer on a world scale, involved automatically and systematically desire to control his image, to come into conflict with his record company and to propose new marketing formulas to sell his music. Now, the tourism and the visit of Paisley Park (Minneapolis - Chanhassen) become a new stage of the memory's construction and of this popularity. This avant-garde singer in his way of communicating and expressing himself on the stage offers future generations a wide range of academic research in multiple fields. He proposes a continuation of his musical art through Paisley Park and cultural tourism.

At the time of B. Smetana's stay in Sweden (1856-1861), Göteborg was a rather small city and also the residence of several very wealthy families. The city a had good institutional basis for the development of music life. The standard for the audience as well as the level of musicians was influenced in particular by the experience with classicist musical works only sporadically influenced by new styles of the first half of the nineteenth century. With his intensive involvement in the organization of a musical life, and also as a teacher, piano virtuoso and a composer, Smetana gave Göteborg incentives that brought fruits already during his stay and were apparent even after his departure and deep into the nineteenth century. The inspiration was, however, mutual: the environment of Göteborg influenced Smetana and provided him with a wealth of rare life and artistic experience.

This contribution pursues the manifestation of social involvement in the lyrics of various genres of pop music after 1989. Any content which touches upon the life of the society or the particular social phenomenon and expresses the specific opinion of it can be considered and broadly understood as "involved". The contribution follows the development of the thematic structure of the lyrics from the 90's (e.g. post-revolutionary disillusionment, corruption and economic criminality) until the New Millenium (racism and xenophobia, nationalism, "memory loss", etc.). The subject of the detailed analysis is especially the work of the era after 2010 when the opinions which have been presented in the lyrics have highly reflected the opinion differences of the society (Xindl X, Gipsy.cz, Živé kvety, etc. versus e.g. Ortel).

This study provides a brief outline of the development of mainstream music and popular music content since the fall of the Iron Curtain in Slovakia, mapping the rise of specific music styles, such as club, hip-hop, and electronic music, and providing a brief description of the infrastructure, including recording studios and currently active music producers. In studying the nature of the creative process, it focuses on selected popular musicians (Štefan Královič and Martin Kavulič) who have been active on the music scene in the recent years. The study deals with the nature of various sources of influence on musicians' decision-making, addressing issues such as the role of their education versus their innate musicality and intuitive sensitivity to current trends, the role of globalisation and the media, and certain specific features related to Slovak artists' mainstream music production.

The technologies of the 20th century represent an important milestone for the concept of musical work in history that concerns not only music composition itself but also its conservation and transmission.
It might have been in the field of music composition that these tendencies have become apparent first - in the construction of first electronic musical instruments; the integration of civilization, primarily non-musical sounds into classical music compositions; and after World War II, also in the new composition methods that record media started employing (e.g. magnetic tapes used for sound collage or phase shifts); furthermore, in the algorithmic composition mathematical formulae and computers applied (as digital support for the restoration of music scores or even as the proper creator of the composition that the computer either reproduces or conveys its graphical notation) or so-called live electronic music (in the sense of the flexibility of technical operations during live performances - reproductions of the work). However, computer music has also brought up new questions on the conception of the work of art and the scope and definition of music itself. These specific traits of so-called new music from the point of view of copyright are the subject of the Appraisal of the Institute of Copyright, Industrial Property and Competition Law of the Faculty of Law of Charles University (abbreviated Appraisal UPAPP) that reflects on the works of electronic and experimental music.
The study also touches on the possibilities of mass distribution of works, mainly related to the Internet and the development of new digital media with which can help to preserve (or fixate) and distribute recordings. These relatively new digital platforms and formats are on the one hand a way to liberalise and shift the distribution of music. On the other hand, they mean some flattening of the quality (technical and content) and a corresponding sharp increase in the quantity of recorded music. These aspects are also reflected in copyright law, where they have caused an increase of the specific problems related mainly to illegal distribution of musical works. Copyright law already regulates so-called indirect means of copyright protection (e.g. § 43). In the future, today's strategy of no responsibility for what content customers are offered on the side of website operators is threatened, since the advocates of stricter protection promote new harsher laws, for example liability of owners and operators of Websites for their content and trying to de facto introduce some form of Internet censorship.

The article is devoted to the presentation and interpretation of critical-musical works of Max Brod, Czech-born German-Israeli writer, composer and librettist, best known as a monographer of Franz Kafka. On the basis of the press articles (published, inter alia, in German-speaking daily "Prager Tagblatt"), the author analyzes and systematizes Brod's views on musical art. Significantly, in the center of the critic's interest were found to be such composers as Leoš Janáček, Gustav Mahler and Arnold Schönberg. The press articles concerning Jewish music, more specifically - the "Jewish element" ("Jewishness") in music are discussed in detail. The author also attempts to answer whether the Zionist element of Max Brod's worldview could have affected his professional evaluation of musical pieces. At the end of the article critical-musical skills of Max Brod are subjected to the technical analysis, and his artistic views (particularly on Neue Musik) are placed in a wider context of the thought of the era.

Hans Mersmann presented his concept of musical structure in the 1920s and developed it mainly as a system of form types describing the classical music repertoire. In addition to this, he formulated a set of procedures to be used in the analysis of music. However, with the withdrawal of tonality in twentieth-century music, the significance of his framework for music analysis lessened. Moreover, even within the context of tonal music his approach has not become widely applied. On the contrary, David Lewin's model, developed within phenomenological reasoning sixty years later, despite being a model of musical perception, has turned into an influential theoretical stance with appealing analytical potential. The present paper discusses both approaches against the background of musical temporality and compares their explicative power while considering the advantages of Lewin's model.

This paper concerns the issue of music in two well-known twentieth-century series - Czechoslovakian Krtek (aired between 1957 and 2002) and Polish Reksio (1967-1990). My aim was to present the wealth of composer's ideas - how they provided the films not only with illustrative fragments and interesting stylizations, but even with autonomous musical images. Soundtracks reveal excellent workshop of their authors, their originality and sense of humor. Sometimes we hear classical like music, another time it is even avant-garde. To show the similiarities and differences between artistic strategies (not only strictly musical) I chose three pairs of cartoons (from both series) which action takes place in the similar surroundings or which refer to the suchlike questions. The article presents the conclusions from audiovisual analysis and therefore the description of music is inseparable from the plot. In the case of Krtek I present films with music of two composers - Miloš Vacek (1928-2012) and Vadim Petrov (1932), in case of Reksio it is one composer - Zenon Kowalowski (1939).

This article represents an attempt to describe the use of a sequence of three-chord, comprising the sub-mediant, followed by the dominant and thirdly, the tonic by composers from 1610 (Monteverdi) to 1948 (Richard Strauss). During that time, this three-chord sequence has been used sparingly - by just nine composers - but is used in two of the most well-known and loved orchestral works. The author poses the questions: why has it been used so infrequently? What is the contextual meaning of this chord sequence by each composer? Is there anything significantly similar between the meaning of the chord sequence across all the works of these nine composers? Surprisingly, there was no use of this chord sequence between Monteverdi and Beethoven. After investigation, the author shows that the reverse of the sequence, tonic, dominant, sub-mediant chords, was a standard sequence in works from the Baroque through to the present day, often as an ostinato pattern. From Pachelbel's Canon in D to songs by the Beatles, Bob Marley, and many other famous, contemporary singer-song writers. On the other hand, the author shows that the use of the three-chords, is either as cadence or at the beginning of a phrase; it can also be used as a means of modulating, from a minor to a Major key. From Monteverdi on through the list, the contextual meaning of the sequence, sometimes with a text, and sometimes without, has a religio-philosophical spiritual meaning and use. Most of the composers set the sequence to a Christian text (Magnificat, Easter hymns, Resurrection) while others use folk texts or celebrated poetry, to describe philosophically the journey of the soul from birth to death and beyond.

With the current worldwide trend of inclusive education, music education needs to face the challenge that more and more students with special needs have joint music classes. Through literature review, this article discusses the music education in inclusive classroom and music teacher education. Above all, although inclusive education practice was not easy to implement, it is exactly the reality and the future of education. Music education should be prepared to play an important role in inclusive education.

This article sheds new light on Georg Friedrich Haas's borrowing methods through an analysis of Tria ex Uno, which paraphrases a piece published half a millennium earlier: the Agnus Dei II from Josquin des Prez's Missa "L'homme armé" super voces musicales, which employs borrowing techniques itself. I demonstrate the transformation from the Agnus Dei II to Tria ex Uno by revealing Haas's specific spectral paradigms and techniques within a framework of Peter Burkholder's and Richard Beaudoin's work on musical borrowing. My study thus provides a means to understand the spectral treatment of existing music within the discourse on musical borrowing.

Petr Eben was one of the few internationally renowned composers embracing the implications of the Second Vatican Council on writing music for the liturgy designed for the active participation of the entire congregation. He took up this challenge and succeeded in meeting both liturgical and artistic requirements. This paper discusses technical and aesthetic questions involved in composing for congregations and exemplifies these questions in analysing three works by Petr Eben: Deutsches Ordinarium (1965), Marien-Vesper (1968) and Missa cum populo (1981-1982).

The music manuscript collection of the Cistercians from Lubiąż, now held at the Music Department at the University of Warsaw Library, includes autographs of two heretofore unknown Masses by Johann Alois Lamb, a Czech composer active in the second half of the 18th century in Vrchlabí. These are also his earliest-dated compositions. The article presents hypotheses about the composer's early life. Based on an analysis of the manuscripts from Lubiąż signed with Lamb's name and sources referring to his life (described in a monograph by Jakub Michl), we can surmise that he spent his youth in the Cistercian monastery in Lubiąż, where he received his musical and elementary education. The article includes a discussion of all sources connected to Lamb from the Lubiąż Cistercian collection.

Friedrich Blum became director of the Olomouc Theater in 1847, and the events of the revolution of 1848 strengthened his position there during the entire decade of the 1850s. Blum was able to integrate the theater into the community life of the town, and to profit by directing the theaters in Olomouc and Krakow simultaneously. He also took advantage of contacts in Lvov [Lemberg] and Karlovy Vary [Carlsbad]. Despite the rigid absolutism closely connected to the political realities of the time, Blum led artistic efforts with tolerance and vigor. But since these artistic accomplishments did not gain appreciation by specialists, and Blum was not able, for example, to rely on reserving free tickets to further the theater's role as an institution of cultural education, the ensemble eventually performed at only an average level. Blum became an undesirable person, and was not able to continue during the changes that followed the October Diploma of 1860.

Vienna was a city of many nationalities with a population coming from all parts of the monarchy. This fact established the prerequisites for relations of a positive nature and yielded positive results, such as the capability of communication in more than one language, opportunities for mutual cultural inspiration, and the like, but also created a hotbed for growth of xenophobic feelings aimed in various directions. Assimilated Bohemians, Moravians, and Slovaks with their pro-Austrian sentiments formed a strong contrast to German nationalists and thus served as a reinforcement for liberal and social-democratic political agendas. As concerns Vienna, Czechs were the only stratum of its population that could really be considered a national minority and acted as such in relation to the state and the land of their origin. The exclusive position of the Czech minority was determined by geographical proximity to the motherland, with which ties were maintained, and by its social makeup. No other minority created a structure of organizations and societies in Vienna with such a broad range of interests. The share of Bohemians and Moravians in the city's cultural life played a role in the reception of artists coming from those regions and of their works, in their integration into Viennese cultural life, and in generating feedback to the land of their origin.
This contribution is devoted to the reception of works by Zdeněk Fibich on both levels: in official Viennese (German-language) musical life and in enterprises of the Czech minority. Period opinions concerning Fibich and his works are documented based on responses to performances of his works, while broader geopolitical and aesthetic associations are also suggested. Although incomparably fewer works by Fibich were performed in Vienna than by other Czech composers (quite apart from Dvořák, who clearly predominated), he did find his devotees and promoters in Vienna among journalistic, artistic, and private circles. Fibich was considered a modern composer with the courage to experiment, although he built on the bequest of his precursors and linked his work to theirs. He was called the continuation of the Smetana-Dvořák line of development, but was viewed as having freed himself from stylistically-narrow nationalist ties, taking instead a cosmopolitan stance.
Translated by David Beveridge

Zahlreiche loci communes können in der Produktion von tschechischen Komponisten Bohuslav Martinů (1890-1959) und seine einzige tschechische Schüler Jan Novák (1921-1984) gefunden werden. Es ist insbesondere ihr Interesse an der tschechischen und mährischen Volkslieder und Tänze, Ästhetik des Volkstheaters, mittelalterliche Passionsspiele, commedia dell'arte, pastoralen Motiven und Folk Reime. Für beide Komponisten war die Wahl dieser Elemente ganz natürlich, die sich aus ihrer kulturellen Wurzeln aufwuchs. Ihre Rückkehr auf die Frage der Volkskultur in der Nachkriegs-Entwicklung stellt eine Opposition gegen die offizielle Kulturpolitik des tschechoslowakischen Staates basiert am sozialistischen Realismus, der die Herstellung einer "neuen Folklore", entsprechend den Bedürfnissen der "Arbeiterklasse", durchsetzte. Die Erneuerung der Alten in Opposition zur Schaffung der Neuen bildet den Rahmen dieser Arbeit. Die ganze Debatte konzentriert sich auf widersprüchliche Probleme von Werten und Normen verbunden mit der wandelnden Gesellschaft.